{"id":46480,"date":"2021-09-03T09:25:22","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T06:25:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turhost.com/blog\/?p=46480"},"modified":"2021-11-29T16:41:57","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T13:41:57","slug":"arp-spoofing-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.turhost.com/blog\/arp-spoofing-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"ARP Spoofing Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

ARP Spoofing Nedir? sorusunun yan\u0131tlar\u0131nda MitM (Ortadaki Adam) gibi riskli siber sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kanal i\u015flevi g\u00f6ren bir siber tehdit t\u00fcr\u00fc gizli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tam olarak e\u015f anlaml\u0131 olmasa da ARP sahtekarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ARP zehirlenmesi gibi isimlerle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ARP spoofing’le ilgili detaylara ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce ARP’\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini netle\u015ftirmek \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Address Resolution Protocol Nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 Adres \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme Protokol\u00fc (Address Resolution Protocol) olan ARP, bir cihaz bir Yerel Alan A\u011f\u0131 veya Ethernet \u00fczerinde ba\u015fka bir cihazla ileti\u015fim kurmak istedi\u011finde kullan\u0131lan bir protokold\u00fcr. ARP, \u0130nternet Protokol\u00fc (IP) adreslerini bir Medya Eri\u015fim Kontrol\u00fc (Media Access Control – MAC) adresine \u00e7evirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu e\u015fleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, IP ve MAC adreslerinin uzunluklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ve sistemlerin birbirini tan\u0131yabilmesi i\u00e7in bir \u00e7eviriye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fundan \u00f6nemlidir. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan IP; IPv4 (IP s\u00fcr\u00fcm 4’t\u00fcr) ve bir IP adresi 32 bit uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Ancak MAC adresleri 48 bit uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. ARP, 32 bit adresi 48’e \u00e7evirir ve bunun tersi de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7\u0131k Sistemler Ara Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ((Open Systems Interconnection) modeli olarak bilinen ve ilk olarak 1970’lerin sonlar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen a\u011f modeli OSI modeli, belirli bir a\u011f sisteminde neler olup bitti\u011fini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in katmanlar<\/strong> kullan\u0131r. Bu, hangi katman\u0131n a\u011fda y\u00fckl\u00fc olan uygulamay\u0131, cihaz\u0131 veya yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 etkiledi\u011fini ve s\u00f6z konusu katman\u0131 y\u00f6netmekten hangi BT uzman\u0131n\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011funu belirlemede \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MAC adresi, veri aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in fiziksel olarak ba\u011fl\u0131 iki cihaz aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kuran ve sonland\u0131ran veri ba\u011flant\u0131 katman\u0131<\/strong> (data link layer) olarak da bilinir. IP adresi ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u011f katman\u0131 (network layer) veya farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiriciler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla veri paketlerinin iletilmesinden sorumlu katman olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP, OSI modelinin 2. katman\u0131nda (veri ba\u011flant\u0131 katman\u0131) \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Veri ba\u011flant\u0131 katman\u0131, fiziksel katman ile a\u011f katman\u0131 (IPv4, IPv6, ICMP… ) aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu kapat\u0131r. ARP, katman 2 adreslerinin katman 3 adresleriyle e\u015flenmesinden sorumludur<\/strong>. Katman 2 cihazlar\u0131, bu e\u015flemeyi anahtar\u0131n belirli bir IP adresine ba\u011fl\u0131 trafi\u011fi do\u011fru anahtar ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 “ARP \u00f6nbelleklerinde” depolar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP \u00f6nbelle\u011fi, her bir IP adresinin ve e\u015fle\u015fen MAC adresinin bir listesini tutar. ARP \u00f6nbelle\u011fi dinamiktir, ancak a\u011fdaki kullan\u0131c\u0131lar IP adreslerini ve MAC adreslerini i\u00e7eren statik bir ARP tablosu da yap\u0131land\u0131rabilir. ARP \u00f6nbellekleri, bir IPv4 Ethernet a\u011f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm i\u015fletim sistemlerinde tutulur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP’in kimlik do\u011frulama mekanizmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ARP sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na dair tespit ve \u00f6nleme stratejilerine odaklanmak \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP Zehirlenmesi Nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"ARP
Sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n MAC adresleri ile IP adresleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi manip\u00fcle etmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, verilerinizin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131na, oturumun ele ge\u00e7irilmesine ve a\u011f \u00e7\u00f6kmelerine neden olabilir. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

ARP zehirlenmesi ya da ARP spoofing siber su\u00e7lular\u0131n, MAC adresini a\u011fdaki me\u015fru bir cihaz\u0131n veya sunucunun IP adresiyle ili\u015fkilendirmek amac\u0131yla, hedef LAN’a sahte ARP mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir sald\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir sald\u0131rgan\u0131n bir a\u011fdaki veri \u00e7er\u00e7evelerini ele ge\u00e7irmesine, trafi\u011fi y\u00f6nlendirmesine veya t\u00fcm trafi\u011fi durdurmas\u0131na izin verebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP’deki g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanan siber su\u00e7lular\u0131n, IP\/MAC adres e\u015fle\u015ftirmeleriyle kendilerini gizledi\u011fi bu sald\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc, hassas veriler kurbanlar\u0131n bilgisi olmadan bilgisayarlar aras\u0131nda iletilebildi\u011finden \u00e7ok tehlikelidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n MAC adresleri ile IP adresleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi manip\u00fcle etmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca verilerinizin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131na de\u011fil, oturum ele ge\u00e7irmeye ve a\u011f \u00e7\u00f6kmelerine neden olabilir. Hatta siber korsanlar\u0131n LAN’\u0131n\u0131zdaki ileti\u015fimi kesip de\u011fi\u015ftirebildi\u011fi ortadaki adam sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (MitM) ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olabilirler. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hizmet reddi (DDoS) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na da yol a\u00e7abilirler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP spoofing, DNS spoofing’teki gibi “\u00f6nbellek zehirlenmesi” tekni\u011fini kullan\u0131r. DNS sunucular\u0131ndaki zay\u0131fl\u0131klardan yararlanan DNS \u00f6nbellek zehirlenmesi sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in DNS Spoofing Nedir?<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARP Spoofing Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/
ARP spoofing’de sald\u0131rgan\u0131n MAC adresi, ARP paketlerinde kurban\u0131n IP adresiyle birle\u015ftirilir ve y\u00f6nlendirici ve PC’nin birbirleri yerine sald\u0131rgana ba\u011flanmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda siber su\u00e7lular, yerel alan a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sahte ARP paketleriyle doldurur. Bu manip\u00fclasyonun ard\u0131ndan, t\u00fcm trafik, hedeflenen var\u0131\u015f yerine ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce sald\u0131rgan\u0131n bilgisayar\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirilir. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck, sald\u0131rgan verileri ger\u00e7ek al\u0131c\u0131ya iletmeden \u00f6nce bozabilir veya t\u00fcm a\u011f ileti\u015fimini durdurabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sald\u0131r\u0131larda genelde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yol izlenir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Yerel a\u011fa girdikten sonra, davetsiz misafir, ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n IP adreslerini arar.<\/li>
  • Cihaz\u0131n IP adresi, kurban\u0131n IP alt a\u011f\u0131na uyacak \u015fekilde ayarlan\u0131r.<\/li>
  • Sald\u0131rgan\u0131n MAC adresi, ARP paketlerinde kurban\u0131n IP adresiyle birle\u015ftirilir ve y\u00f6nlendirici ve PC’nin birbirleri yerine sald\u0131rgana ba\u011flanmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/li>
  • Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ARP \u00f6nbelle\u011fi g\u00fcncellenir, PC ve y\u00f6nlendirici davetsiz misafir ile ileti\u015fim kurmaya devam eder. Di\u011fer ana bilgisayarlar art\u0131k sald\u0131rgan\u0131n sahte ARP \u00f6nbellek girdilerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, verileri sald\u0131rgana aktar\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    ARP Spoofing Nas\u0131l Tespit Edilebilir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf cihaz uygulamalar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. T\u00fcm a\u011f trafi\u011finizi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenize, sorun giderme ve analize olanak tan\u0131yan Wireshark gibi a\u011f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 bu ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131 aktif olarak taramak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f XArp gibi programlar da \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ek olarak ARP sahtekarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in i\u015fletim sisteminin yerle\u015fik \u00f6zellikleri kullan\u0131labilir ancak geni\u015f bir a\u011fla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken komut istemi kullanmak hantal ve zor olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ARP Zehirlenmesi Nas\u0131l \u00d6nlenir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"ARP
    Ba\u015fka sald\u0131r\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilme potansiyeli nedeniyle ARP zehirlenmesinin tespit ve \u00f6nlemlerine dair ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan trajedi yaratabilecek durumlar\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

    DDoS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rlatma rampas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rebilen ARP zehirlenmesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulan y\u00f6ntemleri \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralayabiliriz: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • Veri Kodlama ve Kimlik Do\u011frulama: <\/strong>Herhangi bir iletide veri g\u00f6nderenin kimli\u011fini do\u011frulamak, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli bir sald\u0131r\u0131dan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.

      <\/li>
    • \u015eifreleme:<\/strong> Verilerin gizlili\u011fini ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm a\u011f trafi\u011fi u\u00e7tan uca \u015fifrelenmelidir. TLS\/SSL ve SSH gibi kriptografik a\u011f protokollerini kullanarak aktar\u0131m halindeki verilerin \u015fifrelenmesi \u00f6nerilir.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      • Paket filtreleme:<\/strong> Paket filtreleme, paketlerin \u00e7eli\u015fkili kaynak detaylar\u0131 i\u00e7erip i\u00e7ermedi\u011fini belirleyerek ve kusurlu paketlerin di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lara ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Paket filtreleri, a\u011f \u00fczerinden g\u00f6nderilen t\u00fcm paketleri analiz etmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan denet\u00e7ilere benzer ve genellikle g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131yla birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        • ARP Stati\u011fi<\/strong>: ARP, her IP adresi i\u00e7in statik giri\u015flerin geli\u015ftirilmesine izin verir. Statik bir ARP giri\u015fi kullanarak herhangi birinin o adres i\u00e7in ARP yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 dinlemesini engelleyebilirsiniz. Geleneksel olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen iyi sonu\u00e7 veren bu y\u00f6ntemde de\u011fi\u015fiklik olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in alt a\u011f makineleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden ayarlanm\u0131\u015f bir ARP, manuel olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntem, b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011flar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da statik ARP olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ve herhangi bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik a\u011f y\u00f6neticisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tavsiye edilmez.

          <\/li>
        • VPN: <\/strong>VPN’ler ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan koruman\u0131n en g\u00fcvenli yollar\u0131ndan biridir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc VPN’ler, veri aktar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca \u015fifreli bir t\u00fcnel kullanmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en verileri de \u015fifreler.
          <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          • Anti-ARP Yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> Davetsiz misafirleri tan\u0131mlamak ve durdurmak i\u00e7in Anti-ARP yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 etkili olabilmektedir. Bu tip yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar g\u00f6nderilene kadar verileri kontrol edip do\u011frulayarak ve yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sahte \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flardan gelen verileri engelleyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Ayr\u0131ca LAN eri\u015fimini kontrol etmek ba\u015fka bir \u00f6nleme tekni\u011fidir ve A\u011f Eri\u015fim Kontrol\u00fc (NAC) veya MAC filtreleme kullanan basit ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gibi ara\u00e7lar etkili olabilir. ARP zehirlenmesi sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tespitinde yanl\u0131\u015f pozitifler \u00e7ok fazla olabilece\u011finden, a\u011f trafi\u011fini izleme ve uyarma muhtemelen en etkili tespit y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fildir. ARP \u00f6nbelleklerini izlemek ve yinelenen MAC giri\u015flerinde uyar\u0131 vermek daha etkili olabilir, ancak bunda da \u00f6zellikle DHCP a\u011f kesimlerinde baz\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f pozitiflerin olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u00d6zet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            ARP, IP adresini MAC adresiyle ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir protokold\u00fcr. A\u011fda IP \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 herhangi bir \u015fekilde engellemek ya da durdurmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kimlik do\u011frulama eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle ARP, siber sald\u0131r\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratmakta, sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n hassas verilere yetkisiz eri\u015fim sa\u011flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ARP spoofing sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda siber su\u00e7lular\u0131n MAC adresi bir IP adresine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sald\u0131rgan me\u015fru MAC adresine y\u00f6nlendirilen herhangi bir mesaj\u0131 alabilir, de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir veya engelleyebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0130\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in trajedi yaratabilecek ba\u015fka sald\u0131r\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilme potansiyeli nedeniyle Arp zehirlenmesinin tespit ve \u00f6nlemlerine dair ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ARP Spoofing Nedir? sorusu ile en g\u00fcncel \u00f6nlemlere odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"DDoS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rlatma rampas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rebilen ARP zehirlenmesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulan y\u00f6ntemler!\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47677,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"62097,44807,46317,43938,45541,61897","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[656,654,657,655,138],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-46480","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-alpha-ssl","8":"category-comodo-ssl","9":"category-ev-ssl","10":"category-globalsign-ssl","11":"category-ipuclari"},"yoast_head":"\nARP Spoofing Nedir? 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